Internet Pornography Addiction and Effects of Excessive Pornography Consumption: A University Tunku Abdul Rahman Undergraduate Student Study
 
Ahsha Vaksalla Counsellor Psychology Master Candidate for Degree Universiti Sains Malaysia
Prof. Christopher W Hodshire Universiti Sains Malaysia School of Social Science
 

Abstract- Pornography is a debatable subject, both in Malaysia and around the world. Some feel it is harmless while others feel it is damaging. Pornography can bring about its own impact to the viewers. In Malaysia, the trend of viewing pornography among youngsters’ has been increasing. Studies have also shown Pornography can lead to unhealthy behaviors as a result of too much viewing. This study was conducted to discover the addiction level and the consumption effects on students at a Malaysian University. The researchers used purposive sampling to distribute questionnaires. The Scale used was the Internet Pornography Addiction Test and the Pornography Consumption Effects Scale consist of Positive and Negative dimension used to conduct the research. The research population (N=120) was students’ from University Tunku Abdul Rahman of Malaysia. There were significant relationship between the addiction and consumption. There were significant differences between the Positive and Negative Dimension as well. The Negative Effect Dimension is higher than the Positive Effect Dimension. There were significant differences between male and female students towards pornography addiction. However, there were not any significant differences among the genders in internet consumption. Male scored higher than female in the Internet Pornography Addiction. There were no significant differences between gender in the Positive and Negative Dimension. 

Keywords: The level of Internet Pornography Addiction, Consumption, Positive Effect Dimension, Negative Effect Dimension, Pornography and Students.
 
Introduction:
Pornography has become rampant among the people of different ages especially the youths or adolescents among different nations around the world. For example, in the United States of America, pornography has become so common that they now have various pornographic magazines, X-rated videos, Sex toy ‘novelty’ shops, cable TV and unlimited pornographic sites/internet downloads (O’Reilly, Knox and Zusman, 2008).

Pornography dates back thousands of years but for the mass media, the internet is relatively new. Pornography can be classified as to ‘Hardcore’, ‘Softcore’ and others. Hardcore is referring to materials viewing two or more people involved in sexual acts. Softcore can be anything from bikini clads models, to naked spread-legged models and to people simulating sex. Others is explained as bestiality, bondage, urination, through sneak pictures and the list many more to people’s imaginations, (Flyer, 2001).

The rate of consumption of pornographic materials by youths all over the world has increased because of the internet and other gadgets that can aid access to the IP. Pornography as an industry appears to be the fastest growing on-line business to people all over the world. As a result of this, many youth can easily access the porn sites. There are some porn sites that need to be subscribed and there are certain sites that can be viewed for free.

Undergraduates at the institutions of higher learning are not exempted from the source of CP. They usually have the luxury of time, the freedom and the technological requirement needed for on-line pornography at their disposal. Many students’ have internet facilities/services connected to their apartments meant basically for learning and research but some usually abuse their time to enjoy pornographic materials without being noticed. This of course, would have multiple effects on them leading to addiction and distractions amongst other things that will be revealed in the course of their studies. This study explores the Internet Pornography addiction and the Pornography consumption effects among young adults in the higher education institution.

The Internet Pornography Addiction can be measured from Young’s using the Pornography Addiction Test Questionnaire. The validity of the test has been stated by the specialist of the field as he has verified the face-validity and the content-validity of the self-constructed instrument being used and various suggestions were made to modify the instrument and the alpha reliability measure for the instrument was 0.84 for the first  (Longe, Balogun, Chiemeke, Longe, Onifade, & Otti, 2007).

The pornography consumption effects consist of the positive and the negative dimensions. Positive effects could be explained by referring to people that has low libido problem and unable to feel aroused therefore pornography could assist in arousal. Besides, pornography viewing can be a channel of reference to those who want to know the mystery of love making.On the other hand, Pornography can also lead to negative effects. For instance, some men that view pornography starts to look at women and children as “Sex Objects”, produce or device for their pleasure and not as  a person with their own natural dignity. 

Objectives:
The objective of this study is to discover whether the effects of pornography can be associated with the Internet Pornography Addiction and the Pornography Consumption Effects Dimensions. Identify the measures on the effects of the Pornography Consumption Effect in the Positive Effect Dimension and the Negative Effect Dimension. The study further discovers whether there are any gender influence that is related to the Internet Pornography Addiction, the Positive Effect Dimension and the Negative Effect Dimension in the Pornography Consumption Effect. 

Methods:
Research Design
The research method used for this study was Quantitative measures. A quantitative measure uses numbers as a mode of calculation to analyze data and is stated to be a scientific method. Quantitative measure is explained as a systematic empirical investigation of phenomena used in social science. It uses statistical or mathematical methods to represent the findings of the research results. It can be in any numerical form such as percentages or statistics. Quantitative research method usually is used to develop hypotheses, theories or mathematical models with regards to the phenomena. Quantitative variables differ in amount (McBurney & White, 2006). 

Participants
In this study, non-probability sampling approach and purposive sampling was used. Purposive sampling is defined as sampling to a specific group of people with a purpose in mind. Snowballing in of the method selected from the category of purposive sampling. In snowball sampling, the participants are identified and have met the criteria of the study. The participants were asked to recommend others that similarly meets the objective of the study; (Trochim , 2006). therefore, the focus group was on participants who are pornographic viewers.

Participants were all undergraduate students of University Tunku Abdul Rahman. Students were selected from six faculties with 20 participants from each faculty, 10 male and 10 female students to a total of 120 participants. The researcher selected participants from different faculties in order to develop a more accurate and representative sample from a larger population. Participants were given an envelope to maintain confidentiality and requested to fill the questionnaire at home honestly.

Proportional Quota sampling is defined as selecting people based on certain fixed quota to be representing a larger population. Sampling a proportion amount of each group (Trochim , 2006). Therefore, the distribution of gender and race were used this method. Participants’ were of three different ethnic groups that consist of Chinese, Indian and Malay students all of Malaysian nationality. Race/Ethnic distributions consist of Malaysian; Chinese (50%), Indians (30%) and Malays (17.5%) and other races (2.5%).  There were equal allocation by gender, comprise of 60 female and 60 male undergraduate students.Measurement

Questionnaire: Questionnaire is being used for gathering information. Questionnaire represents the people’s opinion, attitude and preferences. Researchers use questionnaire as instruments or apparatus because of the accuracy and precision that the questionnaire provides. The questionnaire distributed to 120 participants in UTAR.  There were 67 Questions which consist of 20 Questions in Internet Pornography Addiction (IPA) and 47 in the Pornography Consumption Effect Scale (PCES).

The questionnaires consist of three parts as the Part A was the Demographic information, Part B consists of the Internet Pornography Addiction (IPA) with 20 items and Part C with 47 items in the Pornography Consumption Effect Scale (PCES) divided to two dimensions that is   the Positive Effect Dimension and the Negative Effect Dimension. The survey questions were briefly explained by the researcher to ensure that the respondents understood the questions asked.

The Internet Pornography Addiction (IPA) consists of 20 questions adapted from Young’s using the Pornography Addiction Test Questionnaire. The validity of the test has been stated by the specialist of the field as it has verified the face-validity and the content-validity of the self-constructed instrument being used and various suggestions were made to modify the instrument and the alpha reliability measure for the instrument was 0.84 for the first.  (Longe et  al., 2007). The test is reliable as there are journals using the test to measure variables resulting in consistent results that can be replicated. The level of access to the addiction to pornography can be answered by using the scale of (1- Rarely 2-Ocassionally 3-Frequently 4-Often 5-Always) to identify the level of addiction between the range of Mild, Moderate and Severe levels of Internet Pornography Addiction.

The Pornography Consumption Effect scale (PCES) is divided into two parts as constructed by Hald, G. M from The Clinic of Sexology of Copenhagen University Hospital and Malamuth, N. M from the Department of Communication Studies. The Positive Effect Dimension (27 items) and the Negative Effect Dimension (20 items). The PCES was the fourth part of the Pornography Consumption Questionnaire (PCQ) with 139 items that was created of other international studies of sexuality and pornography.  The forth part of Pornography Consumption Questionnaire (PCQ) had 64 items, the Pornography Consumption Effect scale (PCES) later reduced to 47 items. The PCES was used to measure the self-perceived effects of  hardcore pornography consumption on the participants Sex Life (SL) or their Sexual Behaviors, Attitude Towards Sex (ATS), the Perceptions of and Attitudes Toward  the Opposite Gender (PATOG), Life in General  (LG) and Sexual Knowledge (SK). A 7-point Likert Scale was used to from (1=Not at all; 2=To a very small extent; 3=To a small extent; 4=To a moderate extent; 5=To a large extent; 6= To a very large extent and 7= To an extremely large extent) to evaluate to effects of pornography consumption. The full scale reliability for PED was .91 with an estimate of .91(SL), .90 (SK), .90 (ATS), .87 (LG) and .73 (PATOG) for each construct. The NED had a full scale reliability of .83 (LG), .81 (ATS), .79 (SL) and .72 (PATOG) for each construct. The Positive Effect Dimension (PED) contains 27 items into 5 constructs: Sex Life (SL) with 5 items; Life in General (LG) with 4 items; Perception of and Attitudes Toward the Opposite Gender (PATOG) with 4 items; Sexual Knowledge (SK) with 9 items andAttitude Towards Sex (ATS).

The Negative Effect Dimension (NED) has 20 items: SL with 8 items; LG with 4 items; PATOG with 3 items and ATS with 5 items.

Data Analysis: Correlation and T-test between Two Independent Sample Mean was used to calculate the data manually. Firstly, correlation measures the relationship between two variables (Vernoy & Kyle, 2002). In this study, correlations were measured between IPA and PCES. Secondly, T-test between two means is done by calculating the differences between the two means and comparing the differences between them (Vernoy & Kyle, 2002).  T-test was used to make comparison between PED, NED, IPA and Gender. 

Pilot study: The researcher conducted a previous study to total participants of 30 Undergraduates Psychology Students of University Tunku Abdul Rahman consisting of 15 male and 15 females ages ranged from 19 to 23 years old. The researcher used the Internet Pornography Addiction Test Questionnaire to test the questionnaire and measure the on-line addiction to pornography among students. The questionnaire was designed only for those who watched pornography. The researcher used probability sampling and result shows that most of the participants were not pornography viewers.  

Results:
Research question 1
Are there any significant relationships between the Internet Pornography Addition and The Pornography Consumption Effect among the undergraduate students? 
The first research question was to discover whether there were any significant relationships between the Internet Pornography Addition and the Pornography Consumption Effect among the undergraduate students. The researcher uses the correlation coefficient to discover the relationship between the two variables. The results of Pearson’s correlation showed that there was significant positive relationship between the Internet Pornography Addiction and the Pornography Consumption Effect, r (120) =0.202, p< 0.05. The critical value is 0.178 (r > p). The higher the Internet Pornography Addiction among the undergraduate students the higher the Pornography Consumption Effect among the undergraduate students.
 
Table 1: Correlations between Pornography Consumption Effect and Internet Pornography Addiction.
 
 
Figure 1: Correlation between Internet Pornography Addiction and the Pornography Consumption Effect.
 
Research question 2

What are the measures of the effects of pornography consumption effect scale in the Positive Effect Dimension and the Negative Effect Dimension?

                  The second research question measures the effects of Pornography Consumption Effect in the Positive Effect Dimension and the Negative Effect Dimension among the undergraduate students.  The test used was t-Tests between Independent Sample Means. The results of the t-Tests Between Two Independent Sample Means reveals that there is a significant difference between the Positive Effect Dimension and the Negative Effect Dimension, t (238) = - 13.02, p <0. 05. The Negative Effect Dimension is higher (M= 109.27, SD = 12.16) than the Positive Effect Dimension (M = 83.98, SD = 17.47).
 
Table 2: Mean and Standard deviation of Pornography Consumption Effect in the Positive Effect Dimension and the Negative Effect Dimension among participants. (n=120)
 
Research question 3

Are there any significant association between male and female in the Internet Pornography Addiction? 

           The third research question measures the internet pornography addiction level among the male and female undergraduate students. The test used was t-Tests Between Independent Sample Means. The results of the t-Tests Between Two Independent Sample Means reveals that there is a significant difference between the male and female students, t (118) = 2.477, p <0. 05. Male were scored higher (M = 55.02, SD = 17.62) than female (M = 46.1, SD = 13.40) in the Internet Pornography Addiction. The results measure states that male participants scored highest 5% out of 120 students in the seventh level and there were no female in this level. Whereas, the Moderate Level Male scored 23.33% higher than female at 20.83% .In the Mild level of pornography addiction, female scored highest at 29.17% compared to male at 21.67%.  Mild score will be from the range of 20 to 49 points, moderate from 50 to 79 points and severe from 80 to 100 points.
 
Figure 2: The levels of Internet Pornography Addiction among the male and female undergraduate students.
 
Table 3: Gender differences towards Internet Pornography Addiction
 

Research question 4

 Are there any significant differences between male and female in the Positive Effect Dimension?

Fourth research question measures the differences between the male and female in the Positive Effect Dimension. The researcher selects the t-Test Between Two Independent Sample Means to find out the results of this research question.  The results of   t-Test Between Two Independent Sample Means showed that there is no significant difference between male (M= 84.88, SD= 16.35) and female (M= 83. 08, SD= 18.62) in the Positive Effect Dimension of pornography, t (118) = 0.56, n.s.  Figure 3 reveals that both genders selected their answered mostly in the range to a moderate extent.
 
Table 4: Independent T-test Results for Pornography Consumption Effect in the Positive Effect Dimension and Gender.
 
Research question 5

Are there any significant differences between males and females in the Negative Effect   Dimension?

Fifth research question measures the differences between the male and female in the Negative Effect Dimension. The t-Test Between Two Independent Sample Means is used. The results of the t-Test Between Independent Sample means showed that there was no significant different between Male (M= 110.55, SD= 10.40) and Female (M= 107.98, SD= 13.66) in the Negative Effect Dimension, t (118) = 1.16, n.s. Figure 4 shows the preferences of the male participants to be more than female participants in their preferred category of answers.
 
Table 5: Independent T-test Results for Pornography Consumption Effect in the Negative Dimension and Gender.
 
Figure 3: Gender differences in the Negative Effect Dimension
 
Referring to figure 3 and 4, the total range of male participants preferences to answers were higher than female for negative dimension and similar scores for both gender in the positive dimension.
 
Figure 4: Gender differences in the Positive Effect Dimension
 
Findings

            The researcher discusses the results based on the previous chapter. The statistical results were quite appalling. Out of 60 male participants from 120 participants there were 10% of males in the severe level of internet pornography addiction and the highest score is at 46.67% in the moderate level. In addition, females scored second highest in the moderate level as at 41.67%. The moderate level shows that the individual is facing occasionally or often problems caused by the addiction to internet pornography. On the other hand, the results based on the questionnaire demonstrated that majority of participants are believed to have encountered more negative effects towards their pornography consumption.

The study conducted further explores the addiction level among students prone to the Internet Pornography addiction. The findings explain the results of participants’ personal experiences towards their addiction levels and their personal beliefs on the effects of Pornography Consumption in several areas as to sexual life, attitude towards sex, perception of and attitudes towards the opposite gender, sex knowledge and life in general. The study done was measured using the Internet Pornography Addiction Test Questionnaire (IPA) by Dr. Kimberly Young and the Pornography Consumption Effect Scale (PCES) by Gert Martin Hald. Internet Pornography Addiction and Pornography Consumption Effects.     The results in the previous chapter revealed a positive correlation between internet pornography addiction and the pornography consumption. The two variables are positively correlated as the level of addiction increases, there are more consumption effects.  Correlation also measures the degree of correlation. The covariance is the number that is used to represent the degree to which the two variable changes all together. The covariance was large and positive because of the high scores in the addiction paired with the high scores in the effects of consumption scoring 59.65. The results of the correlation r = 0.202 indicates that the two variables are not very strongly correlated. The research objective is achieved as the effects of pornography can be associated with the InternetPornography Addiction and the Pornography Consumption Effects Dimensions.

Pornography Consumption Effect in the Positive Effect Dimension and the Negative Effect Dimension. Results of the t-Test between two independent samples means reveal that there is a significant difference between the positive effect dimension and the negative effect dimension. The negative effects dimension scored higher than the positive effect dimension. This indicates that participants believe that pornography consumption has brought about more negative effects to their lives. Four focused areas constructed in the scale on the negative dimension were on “Life in general”, “Attitude towards sex”, “Perception of and attitudes towards the opposite gender” and “Sex life”. The results indicate that participants’ view on the pornography consumption to “Life in general”  has been harmful, made them less satisfied with life, has been more problematic and has reduced their quality of life. Researchers who study brain activity traced the highly addictive nature of pornography as this leads people to stop activities essential for basic survival (Hilton & Watts, 2011). In the construct on “Attitude towards sex”, they believe that pornography consumption has made them less tolerant towards sex, less sexually liberal, had negative influenced on their attitudes towards sex. Besides, it has adversely affected their outlook on sex and had adversely influenced their opinion of sex. In the third aspect, “Perception of and attitude towards the opposite gender” participants perceive that pornography consumption has unpleasantly affected their view of the opposite gender, viewing the opposite gender more stereotypically. In addition, it has made the individual less respectful towards the opposite gender. Viewing pornography was linked to wide variety of attitudes and tendencies to behave violently towards women. Men who viewed rape pornography were discovered to be seriously affected (Foubert, Brosi & Bannon, 2011). The final construct, “Sex life” has been perceived to be a negative supplement to their life, has reduced their sexual activities and has made their sex life worst. Furthermore, participants believe that pornography consumption has made them experienced less in their sex life, led to problems in life and has added something negative to their sex life. Performance anxiety has been encountered during sexual activities to self or when with partner.  

Internet Pornography Addiction Level and Gender. Results from the t-Tests between two independent sample means revealed that there is a significant difference between male and female students. The result demonstrates that males view more pornography than women, supported by literatures (O’Reilly, et al., 2008; Hald, 2006).  Male, 10% had severe level of pornography addiction. The range of severity level indicates that individual is facing, occasional or often, problems caused by the addiction to internet pornography. Moderate level of 46.60% in male participants is a factor to consider to the full impact on their life. The range in the moderate level reveals that the individual is facing occasional or often problems caused by internet. Male students scored 43.33% in the mild level. Range in the mild level states that the individual is an average on-line user and may surf the web a bit too long but is capable of managing the usage. Female students scored 41.67% in the moderate level and 58.33% for the mild level of addiction. Therefore, both genders are facing problems in life due to the addiction.  The participants in the “Severe level” have their own personal experiences on their Internet Pornography Addiction. The answers that were provided by participants on the Addiction level of Pornography consumption were mostly stated to have experienced it very often or always. Participants often or always experience having to view pornography longer than they intended, neglecting responsibilities to spend more time viewing pornography, prefer the excitement of porn to intimacy with partner and often or always forms new relationship on-line, similarly encountered in other research, (Young, 2007). Individual that isaddicted to internet pornography often experience reinforcement from the internet and it actually interferes with their personal relationships (Young, 2008).

Participants often or always experience others complaining about their pornography usage. Besides, often or always participants grades or school work suffers because of the amount of time spent viewing porn, having to view pornography before something else that needed to be done, being defensive or secretive when someone asks what is being done on-line.  Individuals often or always block out disturbing thoughts about life with the thoughts of pornography they have viewed, anticipating on when they will be able to view porn again. Experiencing often or always fearful feelings of life without pornography would be boring, empty and joyless. Individuals often snap, yell or were annoyed, when being bother by others while they are viewing porn, often or always lose sleep due to late-night porn sessions and feel preoccupied with pornography. Individuals addicted to porn on-line, in the severe level often or always experience saying just a few minutes more when viewing porn because they are addicted to viewing and they want consistent excitement and fantasies (Downs, 2005). They also tried cutting down the time viewing porn and tried to hide from having been viewing porn. Individuals prefer often or always spending time viewing porn over going out with others. Individuals feel depressed, moody or nervous when they are off-line and the feelings go away when they are back viewing porn. 

Positive Effect Dimension in the Pornography Consumption Effects and Gender. The overall t-test scores indicate that there is no significant difference between genders. The mean results states that the male scored higher than the female in the positive effect dimension. Similar results discovered men reporting being more positive to pornography consumption than female (Hald and Malamuth, 2007). The results interpretation shows that male are stated as being more positive towards pornographic consumption in comparison to female participants. The positive effect dimension focuses on the same areas as the negative dimension with an additional item on “Sex Knowledge”. “Sexual knowledge” is stated to have taught new techniques and added more knowledge to sex activities gaining more sexual fantasies.

Besides, pornographic viewers believe that pornography has made valuable contribution and improvements in life based on the “Life in general” construct.  In the  “Attitude towards sex” , participants believe that the consumption has influenced  positively on the outlook on sex, more tolerant in relation to sex , has made them  more sexually liberal and has positive  influence on their opinion towards sex. The construct on “Perception of and Attitudes towards the opposite gender”, the participants consider the pornography consumption has positively affected their view of the opposite gender. They perceive that pornography consumption has made them more respectful, friendlier and view the opposite gender less stereotypically. The fifth construct, “Sex Life” believe to have improved their sex life, made them experiment more in their sex life, increased their sexual activities, has been a positive supplement and has added something positive to their lives.

Negative Effect Dimension in the Pornography Consumption Effects and Gender.The results show that there is no significant difference between genders in the negative dimension. A study of Australian men discovered no relationship between men’s frequency of viewing pornography and their attitudes towards women (McKee, 2007). However, in the current study the mean score results revealed that the males scored higher than the females. The results indicate male to be more negative than female.  In a study done at East Carolina University’s (USA) Undergraduates from a total of 318 students, men viewed pornography more than women. Women were more opposed to pornography viewing (O’Reilly, et al., 2008). Other studies resulted that neither men nor women were culturally adaptive at the interpretation and the usage of nude male images (Eck, 2003). There were also results of study done with no evidence of the effects of Internet Pornography was detected (Barak, Fisher, Belfry & Lashambe, 1999).
 
Limitations of study
Several limitations to the study were discovered: the sample of the study may not be sufficient to represent the large population of the undergraduate students who watches pornography. The study was on specifically those who are addicted to pornography. There were some unconvincing results discovered in the study maybe due to insufficient explanations to the questionnaire. There is limited resource materials found on the topic of the research, locally as well as internationally. More interesting, the country of Malaysia has restrictions on accessing pornographic sites. That said, those who seek out pornographic materials would spend more time trying to get around the governments safeguards in order to access the materials.

Recommendations of Future Study
Today’s pornographyis stated to be more deplorable and severe than ten or twenty years back (Eberstadt & Layden, 2010; Jensen, 2007a, 2007b; Malerek, 2009). In a study done, women opposed pornography as they felt threatened (O’Reilly, et al., 2008).  That said, recommendation to conduct more research on Pornography Addiction and Consumption is needed to rectify the effects of pornography viewing.   

More research findings on the topic can be helpful for students. Convincing youths on the harmful effects of Pornography may prevent them from indulging and becoming addicted. Various harms of pornography are obvious from the literature (Fourbert, et al., 2011). There is a lack of specific measurement to assess the pornography viewing. Therefore, more sensitive measures could develop better results ( Foubert, et al., 2011). 

Treatments and intervention needs to be publicized to help those in need because individuals may not realize the harmful effects of pornography viewing ( Young, 2007). The results from the overall findings indicate that viewers neglect responsibilities, participants grades declined and schoolwork negatively affected. In addition, Religious teachings to respect the dignity of a human body and teachings on abstinence till marriage can be useful. Lastly, Internet access to porn sites should be censored and or heavily regulated as it is declared to be not important in many universities and cybercafés. Legal and ethical risk should not be disregarded (Peace, 2003).  Government policies toward porn accessibility should also be considered.

Conclusion:
The study establishes the relationship between Internet Pornography Addiction and the Pornography Consumption Effects among the undergraduate students. The result indicates that there were significant relationships between the two variables. There were significant difference between the Positive Effect Dimension and the Negative Effect Dimension.  The study further explains association between effects of pornography consumption and the Internet Pornography Addiction. However, there were no differences between gender in the Positive Effect Dimension and the Negative Effect Dimension in the Pornography Consumption Effects Scale. 

This research, though in a university setting, may have its uses in other academic settings as well as in employment settings and social work to name a few. Though more extensive research is needed, this research provides a starting point to help to understand the long term affects of pornography viewing and engagement. With internet now being accessed with cell phones, IPads and other portable devices, this problem will only increase because of the accessibility and market growth related to pornography.
 
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